A power flow model, sometimes called a network model, is a mathematical representation of a bulk electric system or a distribution grid. The model includes operational characteristics of each component of the grid as well the capacity of each to carry power flow.
System operators, planners, and engineers perform power flow analysis by using the model to determine how the grid should behave under specified conditions:
For example, system operators use power flow analysis to test different system configurations and equipment settings to determine optimal power flow. Multiple runs of the model are also used to identify the best actions to restore system stability during disturbances. Planners and engineers use it to determine system enhancements that can improve system reliability.